HemeLB is an open-source 3D, lattice Boltzmann based, fluid dynamics solver for the study of blood flow in complex geometries. The use of a 3D model allows simulation results to be exactly constructed for a specific geometry without such assumption. Even with patient-specific dimensions, these structural assumptions will lead to homogeneity of solutions between individuals. 1D models generally assume that vessels have a circular cross-section that may vary between neighbouring nodes and over time. The use of a 3D model also permits exact simulation of an individual’s vasculature.
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Full 3D modelling permits local flow features to be identified that are not possible in lower-dimensional models, such as wall shear stress distribution throughout the surface of arteries. Coupled 1D–3D models offer a compromise but still do not resolve all features. Modelling 3D flow is more computationally demanding but allows high-fidelity analysis of flow within all vessels. While this can be an efficient approach for simulating large, complex networks, it makes many assumptions about the flow behaviour within a vessel. Many previous studies of large sections of the human vasculature use a 1D solver to capture the blood flow in some or all of the vessels. Taking full advantage of these necessitates developing efficient simulation codes and strategies for communication between them on the largest current machines. The extensive computational and data requirements of modelling a full virtual human will require the resources of next-generation exascale supercomputers. This fundamental nature of the vasculature makes it a pivotal component in the development of a virtual human and is the focus of the present work. Vessels transporting blood to and from the heart connect tissue, organs and muscle, providing the oxygen and nutrients needed for their operation. The transport of blood around the body is integral to physiological function. The development of a virtual human-a digital replica of an individual and their physiological processes-will assist these decisions by allowing multiple courses of treatments to be considered and the optimal one enacted.
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All of these must be considered when a patient presents to a clinician for treatment. The behaviour of these systems is influenced by individual factors such as age, gender, genetics, environment and medical history. Each of these depend on mechanisms that span multiple spatial and temporal scales, from sub-cellular processes to directly observable macroscopic properties. The human body is comprised of several complex and interacting subsystems that, in concert, determine its full operation.